Everybody knows
about energy but rarely is aware of its true nature. People used to regard
energy as something abstract, the same way as they do for the power, force or
its kinds. What they concern most about energy is its function, not its
reality. We learn from the school that energy is a mathematical abstraction
that has no existence apart from its functional relationship to other variables
or coordinates that do have a physical interpretation and which can be measured1.
The kinetic energy of a given mass has no other reality than
as a function of its velocity. We know the potential energy from its position
and the rest energy from its mass. What people know about energy is only
superficial. They only see ripples moving across the surface of the ocean, not
the water beneath. As we will see the energy is not at all an abstract thing.
On the contrary, it is the only real substance from which everything is
derived. Energy is omnipresence; eternal (in relativity term), neither can be
created nor destroyed.
Energy
and Its Bodily Form
From
the relativity theory, if it is adequately understood, we can know the true
nature of energy. Einstein's equation E = mc2 [and the energy
conservation] pointed out that matter was nothing but a
different aspect of energy. The relativity also unified other fundamentals,
i.e. the space and time into a single entity called spacetime. The relativity,
therefore, reduces the fundamentals in two namely the spacetime and energy.
Einstein ingeniously connected the two through
the influence of energy on the spacetime resulting in the curvature of the
latter. From this idea, he revealed the nature of gravity. It was a success
story, but that was not enough. What Einstein supposed to do was taking a
little step further unifying the spacetime and energy.
What Einstein failed to grasp was a fundamental
[metaphysical] principle: a substance does not come into existence without its
bodily form. Nature abhors nudity. Just
like the three-dimensional spherical structure is the bodily form of water in a
drop of water, the [four-dimensional] spacetime is the bodily form for the
energy.
There
is no energy without spacetime and no spacetime devoid of energy. Science fails
to recognize this very nature of energy
because physicists are more familiar with the energy's manifestation on the
surface, not the underlying energy. Energy in its actual reality is more like
an [four-dimensional] ocean of energy. As a three-dimensional being, we can
only perceive the manifestation of energy on a three-dimensional hypersurface
(space) a) in the form of fields and forces.
The spacetime is nothing but the structural
quality of energy. The dimensionality of the spacetime is not its intrinsic
property but the manifestation of the energy's degree of freedom. The higher
the energy's potency is, the higher its spacetime's dimensions are. There
should be a broad spectrum of energies of different potencies exist out there
in nature, as indicated by the discovery of theoretical higher dimensional
spacetimes in some more recent theories.
Another
energy's feature, which physicists seem to be reluctant to deal with, is its
opposing components which are revealed by the relativistic energy equation E2 =
m2c4 + p2c2. As we will see,
these two opposite energies, the positive and negative, play an essential role
in the creation of material things and space.
Multidimensional
Time
The physicists seem to have been forced to
deal more and more with higher dimensional spaces. Kaluza and Klein were the
first who believed that the gravity and the electromagnetic waves put together
could be adequately described if the spacetime had five dimensions instead of
the standard four. Under the superstring theory, physicists even proposed
higher dimensions: ten and more recently eleven.
As
did Kaluza and Klein, physicists presumed that all the extra-dimensions beyond
the fourth curled into tiny, undetectable loops. This idea has brought us into
many bizarre things such as doughnut-like and Calabi-Yau spaces2
which give us a hundred thousand possible solutions. One should have used Oscam
razor to cut off those ugly curly dimensions long time ago and put back more
elegant extended extra-dimensions in their places.
We cannot perceive the extra-dimensions
because they are time dimensions. The term spacetime given to the unification
of the space and time is misleading. The term gives us the impression that such
a union has already different space and time dimensions since the beginning. On
the contrary, in its originality the dimensions of the spacetime were
equivalent. The union of the space and time at that stage is more like
four-dimensional time (its dimensions were time-like). The time dimensions were not yet divided.
Neither space nor "Now" was there, nor was a material thing and even
light. It was in total darkness and chaos.
At
this condition, we better name the union of space and time 'eon,' the
"eternity" (Figure-1a). It was only when the opposing energies had
segregated from each other (the spacetime split in two) that we can call it spacetime
(Figure-1b). As the energies separated, an interface (space) naturally
appeared. As such, the [time] dimensions along the interface were transformed
to become spatial.
The
physicists totally missed this scenario and jumped instead using the undivided
whole spacetime for representing the real worlds. The following statement
reflects Einstein's standpoint3:” The non-divisibility of
the four-dimensional continuum of events does not at all, however, involve the
equivalence of the space coordinates with the time coordinate. On the contrary,
we must remember that the time coordinate is defined physically wholly
differently from the space coordinates". This kind of vicious-circle
thinking has brought us to the troubles that we have now in physics.
Grand
Relativity Theory
In
order to preserve causality and order, physicists have been forced to assign
"artificial" light cones, as the fundamental structure, at every
point within the spacetime. Within such a world, the simultaneity of Nows, even
for two neighboring events, is totally beyond the grasp of the system. Einstein was worried so much about this, as
his friend Rudolph Carnap recounted 4:” Einstein said the
problem of the Now worried him seriously …
That the science cannot grasp the
experience of Now seemed to him a matter of painful. So he concluded that there
is something essential about the Now which is just outside the realm of
science”.
The
reason why physicists denied the existence of [universal] "now" is
because it was against the principle of the relativity of simultaneity. We can
avoid this dilemma if we are considering it under a multidimensional time
framework. Events which happen non-simultaneously in a particular time
dimension could be simultaneous in another higher dimensional time. We can
always find a higher time dimension in which events happen simultaneously (flat
hypersurface) whereas they were not so in a lower time dimension (Figure-2).
For example, a ten-dimensional spacetime can
be equally described as a three-dimensional space having seven-time dimensions
or as nine-dimensional spacetime having one-time dimension. The former has its
physical law broken into many while the latter has less. We can always try to
explore a higher and higher dimensional spacetime until we get one unified law.
The spatial and time dimensions are
transformable to each other depending on how we regard the spacetime as a
system. Whether we consider the system as a lower dimensional hypersurface
having many time dimensions or as a higher dimensional hypersurface having one
temporal dimension, the physical laws remain the same. We can only unify of
physical laws can only be done at such a higher dimensional [flat] hypersurface
(spacetime) where all events are taking place simultaneously. We may call this
postulate the grand relativity principle.
Ghostly
Rotating Universe
Under
the general relativity theory, the arrangement of light cones can be quite
irregular rather than uniform. In an extreme situation, they may form closed
time-like curves. Penrose5 ruled this situation out as simply
unphysical as it violates causality. However, his worry was unfounded. The two
opposing energies do not create matters [and space] permanently but perpetually
create and annihilate those particles.
Particles are created and annihilated perpetually at the pace equal to the
speed of light as expressed by E = mc2 or dynamically by E2 =
m2c4 + p2c2 b).
The interactions between the two energies are manifested as a flux of
[four-dimensional] electrical currents (Higgs fields?) across through the
surface generating quantum sparks (“quarks”) at the surface, analogous to the
flashing pixels appear and disappear on a giant TV screen.
As
the two energies are repulsive, they are "flowing" in the opposite
directions to each other, forcing the surface rotates around an axis lying on
its plane (Figure 3a). The electric currents which flow across through the
surface induce [three-dimensional] magnetic fields which propagate traversing
the surface. It makes the surface rotate
following the right-hand rule, around an axis perpendicular to the surface (Figure
3b). This rotation causes circular movements of heavenly bodies i.e., the solar
system, galaxies, super-galaxies and spin of both macroscopic bodies and
quantum particles.
The
interface, the boundary which separates the two energies, is volatile c)
like a mirage having virtual existence. The constant interactions of the two
energies make the existence of the interface seem persistent. Penrose was very
close to this idea when he discussed the Galilean relativity. However, he
considered this idea as unphysical 6):” It may seem alarming
that our very notion of physical space seems to be of something that evaporates
completely as one moment passes, and reappears as a completely different space
as the next moment arrives."
What
he stated was, in fact, correct except that space does not appear and disappear
in time but, on the contrary, it is the appearance and disappearance of the
space which creates time passage. Had he
done otherwise, he would lead us on the right track to reality.
The separation of the spacetime does not take
place instantaneously but gradually. The "area" of the separation is
stretching out across the spacetime just like a big crack propagates in a solid
body. The former represents a static universe while the latter represents the
expanding universe (Figure-4). It is the underlying reality of the expanding
universe as against the Big Bang theory.
Notes:
a) We use the notations of space, hypersurface, and
hyper-interface, or surface and interface interchangeably.
b) At the quantum level these equations are completely reversible
c) The relativistic expression (m2c4 + p2c2)
involves complex numbers so that there is no clear cut separation (interface)
between those two separated energies, in the sense that the interface appears
only instantly and disappears immediately after.
References:
1. Abbott and Ness, V.: Thermodynamics”, Schaum’s Outline Series,
Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1967, p. 1
2. Greene, B.: "The Elegant Universe," Vintage Books, New
York, 2003, p. 207-208.
3. Einstein, A.: "The Meaning of Relativity," Fifth
Edition, Princeton Science Library, New Jersey, 1988, p. 31
4. Barbour, J.:" The End of Time," Phoenix, Second
Impression, London, 2001, p. 14
5. Penrose, R.:" The Road to Reality," Vintage Books,
London, 2004, p. 408-409.
6. Ibid, p. 387
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