The Cosmic Inflation Never Happened

The Big Bang theory holds the premise that the universe originated from a singularity which came into being out of nothing through a single massive explosion. The concept of the minuscule size of such primeval singularity born from the thought projection of the current universe's expansion backward far in time.

The theory has at least two dubious primary grounds. The first one is the speculative concept of nothingness. The Big Bang theory presumes, violating the first law of thermodynamics, that energy (and matter) was created out of nothing. This idea came from the mindset that the creation of the universe (4-spacetime) was the beginning of everything. Notwithstanding, the theory takes for granted that the quantum fluctuation which stimulated the primeval explosion held in the nothingness before such creation.

The second speculative ground is about the size of the universe which can be shrunk indefinitely backward in time from the current size into a singularity. Close to the moment of creation, the size exponentially shrunk about 10⁶⁰ smaller just within 10⁴ seconds, from 10^-33 to 10^-37 second posterior to the explosion, the rate of which was exceedingly faster than the speed of light¹.

As we have elucidated so far, there can be no such thing as nothingness. The energy, as the only reality in nature, can neither be created out of nothing nor destroyed into nothing. The universe was born as the result of the interplay between the opposite (positive and negative) energies that created the universe and everything within, not out of nothing.

We can mathematically describe energy in its pure condition as waves' spectrum of different frequencies and amplitudes expressed in terms of Fourier series or its complex form, the Laurent series:

                         f(z) = F⁺(z) + c₀ + F^–(z)

It is a wave function expressed as the sum of its positive frequency (F⁺(z)) and negative frequency (F^–(z)).

Globally, we can depict this wave function in terms of Riemann sphere, the positive frequency F⁺(z) extends holomorphically into the southern hemisphere, and the negative frequency F^–(z) extends holomorphically into the northern hemisphere, where the equator represents the real coordinate and the longitudinal circles its imaginary time coordinate.

The domain of the positive and negative frequencies, however, does not fully extend to the poles, as the Riemann sphere has an annulus of convergence which excludes the domain around the zero points (singularity) as well as the infinity (Figure-1). 

 This pure mathematical analysis indicates that the split of the energy cannot create a stable interface (hypersurface) from the beginning when the energy started to split up to a certain period where it reaches the minimum size (represented by the Riemann sphere's inner ring of convergence).  The interface created in this period would instantly dissolve into energy.

It is only after reaching this limit that the hypersurface comes into being where it stabilized until it reaches its maximum size (represented by the Riemann sphere's outer ring of convergence).

The doomsday comes when the hypersurface reaches its maximum size.  At this particular time, the hypersurface becomes extremely unstable that makes it break down into pieces dissolving back into pure energy.  We illustrate these phenomena in Figures-2 and 3A.

This cosmology scenario avoids the need of either the concept of singularity to represent the beginning of the creation or the big crunch at the end of the universe's life as well as the everlasting expansion where the universe has no dead end.

This cosmology theory also excludes the need of the concept of cosmic hyper-inflation in the early period of the creation (Figure-3B), as the baby universe was born in an exceedingly larger size than that of the singularity which the Big Bang theory presumed.

The interplay between the positive and negative energies generates quantum fields across through the interface (hypersurface) ^a), located in between the two, perpetually creates quantum sparks (fundamental particles), the building block of the universe. As the split (hypersurface) area is enlarging with time, new matters are created in the expanding horizon keeping the average matter density per area almost constant.

This cosmology concept resembles the one of the continuous creation, steady-state expanding universe put forward by Fred Hoyle².

Notes:

a) We use the split area, interface, hypersurface, and space interchangeably.

References:

1.  Guth, A.: "The Inflationary Universe," Basic Books, New York, 1997

2.  Gregory, Jane: "Fred Hoyle's universe," Oxford University Press, New York, 2005